Although Jewish studies and education programs at secular universities have joined denominational and transdenominational institutions of higher learning in adopting a dual or parallel course structure for Jewish education professionals , there has been little scholarly attention given to the basis for doing so. Shapiro provides alternative theoretical frameworks for the relationship between Jewish studies and educational theory and discusses different ways of developing and articulating these relationships between disciplines. educational theory

A paradigmatic relation suspends while exposing, deactivates while revealing, complicates while clarifying.